AS经济知识点分享 这些概念很重要

在Alevel经济中有大量的定义和术语需要同学们去背诵，本期呢我们就给大家汇总了一些AS经济中常常出现的概念，同学们赶紧预习起来吧。这份AS经济知识点还不收下吗？

AS经济知识点

a) Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost

• the fundamental economic problem

• the meaning of scarcity and the inevitability of choices at all levels (individual, firms, governments)

• the basic questions of what will be produced, how and for whom

• the meaning of the term, ‘ceteris paribus’

• the margin and decision making at the margin

• short run, long run, very long run

Positive and normative statements

• the distinction between facts and value judgements

Factors of production

• the rewards to the factors of production: land, labour, capital and enterprise

• specialisation and division of labour

Resource allocation in different economic systems and issues of transition

• decision making in market, planned and mixed economies

• the role of the factor enterprise in a modern economy

Production possibility curves  

• shape and shifts of the curve

• constant and increasing opportunity costs

Money

• functions and characteristics in a modern economy

• barter, cash and bank deposits, cheques, near money, liquidity

Classification of goods and services

• free goods, private goods (economic goods) and public goods

• merit goods and demerit goods as the outcome of imperfect information by consumers.

Demand and supply curves

• effective demand

• individual and market demand and supply

• factors influencing demand and supply

Price elasticity, income elasticity and cross-elasticities of demand

• the meaning and calculation of elasticity of demand

• the range of elasticities of demand

• the factors affecting elasticity of demand

• the implications for revenue and business decisions of price, income and cross-elasticities of demand

Price elasticity of supply

• meaning and calculation of elasticity of supply

• the range of elasticities of supply

• the factors affecting elasticity of supply

• implications for speed and ease with which businesses react to changed market conditions

Interaction of demand and supply  

Market equilibrium and disequilibrium

• meaning of equilibrium and disequilibrium

• effects of changes in supply and demand on equilibrium price and quantity

• applications of demand and supply analysis

• movements along and shifts of the demand and supply curves

• joint demand (complements) and alternative demand (substitutes)

• joint supply

• the workings of the price mechanism; rationing, signalling and the transmission of spanferences

Consumer and producer surplus

• meaning and significance

• how these are affected by changes in equilibrium price and quantity

Maximum and minimum prices

• meaning and effect on the market

Taxes (direct and indirect)

• impact and incidence of taxes

• specific and ad valorem taxes

• average and marginal rates of taxation

• proportional, progressive and regressive taxes

• the Canons of Taxation

Subsidies

• impact and incidence of subsidies

Transfer payments

• meaning and effect on the market

Direct provision of goods and services

• meaning and effect on the market

Nationalisation and privatisation

• meaning and effect on the market

Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) analysis

• the shape and determinants of AD and AS curves; AD = C + I + G + (X – M)

• the distinction between a movement along and  a shift in AD and AS

• the interaction of AD and AS and the determination of the level of output, prices and employment

Inflation

• the definition of inflation; degrees of inflation and the measurement of inflation; deflation and disinflation

• the distinction between money values and real data

• the causes of inflation (cost-push and demand- pull inflation)

• the consequences of inflation

Balance of payments

• the components of the balance of payments accounts (using the IMF/OECD definition): current account; capital and financial account; balancing item

• meaning of balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium

• causes of balance of payments disequilibrium in each component of the accounts

• consequences of balance of payments disequilibrium on domestic and external economy

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Alevel经济考试很难吗？记住这些Alevel经济考试中常出现的名词就没问题

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