许多同学在托福阅读考试的过程中都会害怕长段落,或是能做对,但花费的时间很长。所以本文给大家介绍一下包括长段落在内的托福阅读考试答题技巧。
托福阅读考试复习攻略
01 如何进阶长段落的阅读效率?
1、进阶长难句的阅读能力,快速识别句子主干
2、利用逻辑词识别句间关系,做信息归纳与预判
3、通过段落的思维导图,分析句间逻辑关系
下面让我们结合实际题目看看如何在托福阅读考试中运用以上技巧。
下面这篇文章仅3个段落,每段话都较长。我们就以首段为例来看看如何运用结构阅读法快速阅读段落,提取段落核心信息。
原文:
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinctabout 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit). Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example, somehave blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except thatflowering plants first evolved in theEarly Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out. In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and horned dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants. Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, whichallegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except thatmammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. Some explanations(such asthe one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail becausethere is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.
解析:
这段话看似很长,但其实只有6句话,我们可以通过识别句子主干及句间逻辑来进行快速阅读。
第一句:dinosaurs rapidly became extinct ….,即恐龙在某个时期灭绝了。
第二句:句子不难,即提出了很多原因来解释恐龙灭绝。熟悉托福阅读套路的学员在读到这里的时候一定会非常敏感地预判到后面会举例各种解释恐龙灭绝的理论。果不其然,第三句开始就出现了for example,开始给前面的many explanations举例子。
第三句:some引出第一种理论,即恐龙灭绝是因为出现了开花植物,但后面出现在except that就暗示这个理论应该是存在问题的。
第四句:in fact表递进,说明是在进一步解释前面这个理论存在问题。
第五句:others引出第二种理论,即恐龙灭绝是因为与哺乳动物竞争,但同样出现了except that,说明这个理论同样存在一定问题。
第六句:some explanation引出其他的一些解释也是失败的,因为不能进行科学地测验。
思维导图:
如果用思维导图的形式呈现,结构会更清晰。
总结:利用结构信号词进行层次划分
通过上述分析,我们发现只要打好长难句的基础,并利用好for example,others,some explanations这些结构信号词将这个长段落进行层次划分,就会使阅读更加清晰,也会大大降低生词对我们的阅读干扰。
02 抓语法主干
比如:There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect ----for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
这句话的语法主干为Thereappear to be many unexplored matters(看起来有很多未被探究的事情)。很明显,这也确实是这句话的句子重心。
所以,通过抓语法主干来抓句子重心确实是可行的。
03 理解分析句内逻辑
比如:
Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.
这句话的语法主干为Glaciers move slowly(冰川慢慢地移动),它是这句话想表达的重心吗?很明显不是!
通过读句子,我们发现Glaciers move slowly(冰川慢慢地移动)只是一个起始点,接下来是carving into even the hardest rock formations(刻入甚至最坚硬的岩石), 这也还没完,接下来是thereby reshaping the landscape(因此重塑地貌),而后面是一个as从句as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location(因为它们吞没,推动,拖动并最终在离原来位置很远的地方把岩石渣沉淀下来)。
通过逻辑上的理解,我们发现,“重塑地貌”才是这句话所强调的最终结果,才是这句话的重心。也就是说,所有的其他信息都是围绕着“重塑地貌”来说的。
所以,这个句子证明,语法主干Glaciers move slowly(冰川慢慢地移动)并不是句子重心,而通过分析句内逻辑的方式,我们才更准确地确定了句子重心“重塑地貌”。
这里,我们基本可以确定,语法主干是无法真正帮助我们确定句子重心的,我们必须要对句内各信息进行逻辑上的分析,才能更准确地确定句子重心。事实上(in fact), 通过句内逻辑的分析,你已经可以非常准确地把握住句子的重心,所以你已经完全有能力应对几乎所有的句子简化题了。
希望以上技巧可以帮助你托福阅读考试早日刷分成功。
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